State-of-the-art of Radar Remote Sensing: Fundamentals, Sensors, Image Processing, and Applications
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Abstract
This article discusses the state-of-the-art of radar remote sensing and was prepared as part of the special edition of the 50th anniversary of this journal. This study briefly introduces the fundamentals of radar remote sensing, highlighting the most important aspects of image acquisition modes and biophysical parameters of the Earth´s surface involved in the process of acquiring radar images. We emphasized wavelength, polarization of electromagnetic waves, image acquisition geometry (imaging parameters), soil and vegetation water content, terrain roughness, and vegetation structure (biophysical parameters of the Earth's surface). Subsequently, the main orbital synthetic aperture radar sensors currently in operation and the main options of radar image processing are presented, highlighting the conversion of digital values to backscatter coefficients, spatial filters to reduce speckle noise, image decomposition techniques, and InSAR processing. Finally, we briefly discuss some potential applications, with special attention to the monitoring of oil spills in continental platforms, above-ground biomass estimation, deforestation monitoring in tropical forests, detection of irrigated rice cropping areas, and soil moisture estimation.
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