Water Level Dynamics in Rio Grande City (RS) During the Major Flood of May 2024 Assessed Using a GNSS-R Sensor and Conventional Tide Gauges
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The city of Rio Grande (RS) was partially flooded in May 2024, when an extreme weather event significantly increased the water level of the Patos Lagoon. In this context, we analyzed the water-level dynamics in the Rio Grande estuary during the event by comparing data obtained from a reflectometric tide gauge based on navigation satellites (GNSS-R) with measurements from five conventional tide gauges: a staff gauge, three radar sensors, and a pressure sensor. The comparison between the GNSS-R sensor and the co-located staff gauge showed a strong coefficient of determination (0.99) and a centimeter-level standard deviation (3.8 cm). In contrast, the comparison between the GNSS-R sensor and the most distant gauge (20 km) resulted in a lower coefficient of determination (0.6) and a decimeter-level standard deviation, because of the spatial variability in water level between the estuary and the breakwater region. To better understand the water-level dynamics, a harmonic analysis was conducted considering the main diurnal tidal constituents, K1 and O1. The harmonic analyses highlighted the complexity of the water-level dynamics in terms of amplitude and phase. Finally, the results indicated a strong coefficient of determination between the GNSS-R measurements and those of the conventional sensors, demonstrating that agreement is inversely proportional to the distance between sensors.
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