Unification of Vertical References in the Coastal Zone: A Comprehensive Review for Blue Amazon Management
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This review article discusses the strategic challenge of unifying topographic and bathymetric data into a continuous model, an essential condition for managing the 5.7 million km² of the Blue Amazon and for the development of the Brazilian coastal zone. The complexity of this integration lies in the dynamic nature of multiple vertical datums that vary over time and space. It is demonstrated that the traditional connection via tide gauges or the determination of Separation Models (SEP) presents limitations at the national scale. Furthermore, conventional satellite altimetry technologies and geoid modeling reveal a significant coastal observational gap at the ocean-continent interface. Therefore, the Sea Surface Topography is fundamental for the unification of vertical references in the coastal zone; however, its rigorous determination still faces inseparable barriers in both technical-scientific and operational spheres. International experiences highlight the need for a transition to interdisciplinary approaches. It is concluded that overcoming the coastal observational gap in Brazil requires abandoning deterministic interpolations in favor of stochastic techniques, coupled with high-resolution hydrodynamic and geoidal models, aligning the country with the guidelines of the International Height Reference System (IHRS) to ensure efficient and sovereign management of its coastal and maritime territory.
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