Arquivos suplementares
Palavras-chave
Public policies
Neoliberal conservation
Como Citar
Resumo
Currently, protected areas around the world have a demand for volunteer work. At the same time, people in several countries that house protected areas seek out these spaces to serve as volunteers. This process occurs in a scenario strongly influenced by the neoliberal economy, which is marked by cuts in environmental management budgets and increased protected areas visitation. Based on this context, the objective was to analyze the role of volunteer work in protected areas in the context of neoliberal paradigm predominance. For this purpose, it was established a current overview of volunteer activity through a case study in Brazil by collecting information from volunteers and managers, heads or managers of protected areas receptive to volunteer work in interviews using structured questionnaires. It was found that Parques Nacionais are the categories with the greatest demand for volunteer work. It was also found the most part of volunteers is between 20 and 30 years old, and their education level is higher education in undergraduate courses related to biological sciences. It was identified significant differences between the perceptions of managers and volunteers about volunteer work objectives. However, both groups indicated that “Environmental education/environmental interaction and interpretation” and “Support for visitation” are the most frequently performed activities, and the main form of support and trade-off for volunteer work is the offering of certificates. Thus, volunteer work seeks to contribute to the protected areas objectives by supporting the management of these areas during public use activities. However, in the current scenario, this work is palliative in the face of the impacts of the dismantling of environmental policy that affects most countries that have Protected areas and have surrendered to neoliberal conservation.
Referências
ABRAHAMS, H. Devolution enhances integration. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, v. 12, p. 57- 61, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2005.9725105
ALBUQUERQUE, U. P.; LUCENA R. F. P.; LINS NETO, E.M.F. Selection of research participants. In: ALBUQUERQUE, U. P.; CRUZ DA CUNHA, L.V.F.; LUCENA, R.F.P.; ALVES, R.R.N. (Eds). Methods and techniques in ethnobiology and ethnoecology. Springer, New York, p. 1–13, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8636-7_1
BÁRCIA, L. C.; DANTAS, J. C. S. Turismo voluntário: perfil dos turistas brasileiros e formas de intermediação. Revista Turydes: Turismo y Desarrollo, n. 23, 2017. Available : http://www.eumed.net/rev/turydes/23/turismo-voluntario.html. Accessed on: 1 jun., 2022
BELOKUROV, A.; BESANÇON, C.; BURGESS, N.D.; DUDLEY, N.; HOCKINGS, M.; LEVERINGTON, F. et al. New resources for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. Oryx, v43, n. 14, 2009.
BRASIL. Lei nº 9.608, de 18 de fevereiro de 1998. Dispõe sobre o serviço voluntário e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 1998.
BRASIL. Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Regulates the article 225, § 1º, items I, II, III e VII from federal Constitution, found the National System of Nature Conservation Units and gives Other measures. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, DF, 2000. Available: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9985.htm. Accessed on: 1 jun., 2022.
BRASIL. Portal da Transparência. Distribuição das despesas nas subfunções da área encargos especiais gestão ambiental. Available: http://portaldatransparencia.gov.br/orgaos/44207?ano=2020. Accessed on:1 jun., 2020.
BARATA, R.B.; ARAGÃO, E.; DE SOUSA, L. E.O.F.; SANTANA, M.; BARRETO, L. The configuration of the Brazilian scientific field. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, v. 86, n. 1, p. 505-521, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130023
BRUYERE, B.; RAPPE, S. Identifying the motivations of environmental volunteers. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v. 50, n. 4, p. 503-516, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560701402034
BOLKER, B. M. et al. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in ecology & evolution, v. 24, n. 3, p. 127-135, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008
BONNEAU, L. et al. Changes in volunteer knowledge and attitudes as a result of Texas Master Naturalist training. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, v. 14, n. 3, p. 157-172, 2009.https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200902838722
CARR, A. Grass roots and green tape: principles and practices of environmental stewardship, Federation Press, Leichhardt. 2002.
COELHO P. S; ESTEVES S. P. The Choice between a Fivepoint and a Ten-point Scale in the Framework of Customer Satisfaction Measurement. International Journal of Market Research. 2007;49(3):313-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530704900305
HALPENNY, E. A.; CAISSIE, L.T. Volunteering on nature conservation projects: volunteer experience, attitudes and values. Tour. Recreat. Res., v. 28, n. 3, p. 25-33, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081414.
HOLMES, G.; CAVANAGH, C. J. A. Review of the social impacts of neoliberal conservation: Formations, inequalities, contestations, Geoforum, v. 75, p. 199 - 209. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.014.
DEAN, J. How structural factors promote instrumental motivations within youth volunteering: a analysis of volunteer brokerage. Voluntary Sector Review, v. 5, n. 2, p. 231-247, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1332 qualitative /204080514X14013591527611
DEAN, J. Volunteering, the market, and neoliberalismo. People, Place and Policy, v. 9, n. 2, p.139-148, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3351/PPP.0009.0002.0005
DEGUIGNET, M.; JUFFE-BIGNOLI, D.; HARRISON, J.; MACSHARRY, B.; BURGESS, N.; KINGSTON, N. United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK, 2014.
DUDLEY, N.; STOLTON, S. Arguments for protected areas: multiple benefits for conservation and use. Routledge, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849774888
DUFFY, R. Nature-based tourism and neoliberalism: concealing contradictions. Tourism Geographies, v. 17, n. 4, p. 529-543, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2015.105397
ERVIN, J. WWF Rapid assessment and prioritization of protected area management (Rappam) methodology. Gland, Swizertland, WWF, 2003, 70p.
GOMES, C. R; FIGUEIREDO, M. A; SALVIO, G. M. M. Recreational opportunities offered in Protected Natural Areas: analysis of the most visited Parques Nacionais in Brazil and the United States of America in 2017. Sociedade & Natureza, v. 33, 2021. https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v33-2021-58518
GRESE, R. E. et al. Psychological benefits of volunteering in stewardship programs, In: GOBSTER, P. H.; HALL, R. B. (Eds) Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and Humanities. Island Press, Washington DC, p. 265-280, 2000.
HUDSON, M. Administrando organizações do terceiro setor. Makron Books, 1999.
ICMBio. RELATÓRIO DE GESTÃO EXERCÍCIO do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, 2012.
ICMBio. RELATÓRIO DE GESTÃO EXERCÍCIO do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, 2014.
ICMBio. Instrução Normativa ICMBio Nº 3 DE 10/05/2016. Dispõe sobre o Programa de Voluntariado no âmbito do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (Processo nº 02070.001707/2016-19). Diário Oficial [da] República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, DF, 11 maio. 2016.
ICMBio, Guia de gestão do programa de voluntariado do ICMBio. 1ª Edição, 2017.
ICMBio. Monitoramento da visitação em Unidades de Conservação Federais: Resultados de 2019 e breve panorama histórico, 2019.
ICMBIO. Conheça as unidades do ICMBio que participam do programa de voluntariado. 2021. Available: https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/assuntos/acoes-e-programas/acoes-socioambientais-e-consolidacao-territorial-em-ucs/programa-de-voluntariado-do-icmbio
Accessed on: 5 jun., 2022
IUCN. Protected Area Categories [Oficial Site] Available: https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about/protected-area-categories. Accessed on: 5 jun., 2022.
JENKINS, C.N.; JOPPA, L. Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biological Conservation, v. 142, n. 10, p. 2166–2174, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.016
KISNERMAN, N. Introdução ao Trabalho Social - Teoria e Prática do Trabalho Social. Editora Moraes, 1983.
LENTH, R. Package ‘lsmeans’. The American Statistician, v. 34, n. 4, p. 216-221, 2018. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v069.i01
LIU, X; KOIRALA, H. Ordinal regression analysis: Using generalized ordinal logistic regression models to estimate educational data. Journal of modern Applied Statistical methods, v. 11, n. 1, p. 21, 2012. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1335846000
LIARAKOU, G; KOSTELOU, E; GAVRILAKIS, C. Environmental volunteers: factors influencing their involvement in environmental action. Environmental Education Research, v. 17, n. 5, p. 651-673, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2011.572159
LEVERINGTON, F.; COSTA, K. L.; COURRAU, J.. PAVESE, H.; NOLTE, C.; MARR, M. et al. Management effectiveness evaluation in protected areas – a global study. 2nd Edition. The University of Queensland. Brisbane Australia. 87 p. 2010.
MEASHAM, T. G.; BARNETT, G. B. Environmental Volunteering: motivations, modes and outcomes. Australian Geographer, v. 39, n. 4, p. 537-552, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049180802419237
MEDEIROS, R. et al. Contribuição das unidades de conservação brasileiras para a economia nacional: Sumário Executivo. UNEP-WCMC, 2011.
MMA. Painel das Unidades de Conservação Brasileiras. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Departamento de Áreas Protegidas. 2022. Available: https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiYjBiYzFiMWMtZTNkMS00ODk0LWI1OGItMDQ0NmUzNTQ4NzE4IiwidCI6IjM5NTdhMzY3LTZkMzgtNGMxZi1hNGJhLTMzZThmM2M1NTBlNyJ9. Accessed on: 05 may, 2022.
MMA. Cadastro Nacional das Unidades de Conservação. Tabela consolidada das Unidades de Conservação. 2019. Atualizada em: 20/02/2020. Available: https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br. Accessed on: 5 jun., 2022.
MMA-Departamento de áreas protegidas. Painel Unidades de Conservação Brasileiras. 2020. Available: h https://antigo.mma.gov.br/areas-protegidas.html. Accessed on: 01 jun. 2022.
MUANIS, M. M., et al. Quanto custa uma unidade de conservação federal? Uma visão estratégica para o financiamento do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). Funbio, 2009.
PAGES, M. et al. The dynamics of volunteer motivations for engaging in the management of invasive plants: insights from a mixed-methods study on Scottish seabird islands”, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v. 61, p. 904-923, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2017.1329139
PELLIZZARO, P. C. et al. Gestão e manejo de áreas naturais protegidas: contexto internacional. Ambiente & Sociedade, v. 18, n. 1, p. 21-40, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC509V1812015en
PIERACCINI, M.; COPPA. S.; DE LUCIA, G.A. Beyond marine paper parks? Regulation theory to assess and address environmental non-compliance. Aquat Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosys, v. 27, p. 177–196, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2632
RYAN, R. L. Predicting Volunteer Commitment in Environmental Stewardship Programmes. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v. 44, n. 5, p. 629-648, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560120079948
SAATY, T. L. Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal Services Sciences, v. 1, n.1, p. 83-98, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590
SAVAN, B. Volunteer Environmental Monitoring and the Role of the Universities: The Case of Citizens. Environment Watch Environmental Management, v. 31, n. 5, p. 561–568, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2897-y%20
SEGI, S. Protecting or pilfering? Neoliberal conservationist marine protected areas in the experience of coastal Granada, the Philippines. Human ecology, v. 42, n. 4, p. 565-575, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-014-9669-1
SILVEIRA-JÚNIOR, W. J.; SOUZA, J. P. M.; SANTANA, L. D.; MOURA, A. S.; SOUZA, C. R.; FONTES, M. A. L. The role and the precariousness of volunteer work in Brazilian protected áreas. Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 17, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00546
SOARES, L. M. de O.; MIRANDA, G. E. C. de; MOURÃO, J. da S. Uma análise empírica do modelo de gestão praticado em Unidade de Conservação de Uso Sustentável. Sociedade & Natureza, [S. l.], v. 32, p. 472–483, 2020. https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v32-2020-46299
SUREDA, J.; OLIVER, M. F.; CASTELLS, M. Indicators for the Evaluation of Environmental Education, Interpretation and Information in Protected Areas. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, v. 3, n. 3, p. 171-181, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1080/15330150490485967
TAKASE, Y.; HADI, A. A.; FURUYA, K. The Relationship Between Volunteer Motivations and Variation in Frequency of Participation in Conservation Activities. Environmental management, v. 63, n. 1, p. 32-45, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1106-6
UNITED NATIONS. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. General Assembly. United Nations, 2015. Available:http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed on: 05 may, 2022.
VASAN, S. Consuming the Tiger: Experiencing Neoliberal Nature. Conservation & Society, v. 16, n. 4, p. 481-92, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_16_143.
WATSON, J. E. M.; DUDLEY, N.; SEGAN, D. B.; HOCKINGS, M. The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature, v. 515, n. 7525, p. 67– 73, 2014. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature13947
WEAVER, D..Volunteer tourism and beyond: Motivations and barriers to participation in protected area enhancement. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, v. 23, n. 5, p. 683-705, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.992901
WWF-BRASIL; FUNDAÇÃO FLORESTAL. Implementação do RAPPAM em Unidades de Conservação do Instituto Florestal e da Fundação Florestal de São Paulo, 2004. Available: https://wwfbr.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/rappam.pdf. Accessed on: 28 apr., 2022.
WWF-BRASIL. Avaliação da gestão das Unidades de Conservação: métodos Rappam (2015) e Samge (2016), 2017. Available : https://wwfbr.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/avaliacao_da_gestao_das_ucs__rappam__2015__samge__2016_.pdf. Accessed on: 28 apr., 2022.
ZORRILLA-PUJANA, J.; ROSSI, S. Environmental education indicators system for protected areas management. Ecological Indicators, v. 67, p. 146-155, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.053
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Wanderley Jorge Silveira Junior, Lucas Dezidério Santana, Cléber Rodrigo Souza, Renata Vichi Yaguinuma, Carolina Ribeiro Gomes, Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes