The Paradox of Social Capital in Mangrove Conservation: Evidence from Indonesia's Border Island

Abstract

Indonesia is an archipelago, and some of its islands are located on the border and in remote areas, far from city centers. Therefore, the state's presence among them is often limited. Similarly, mangrove conservation often relies on community initiatives. Meanwhile, studies on social capital are often considered positive. In fact, social capital has a dual nature. Therefore, this research analyzes the dual nature of social capital on Rupat Island, Indonesia, the outermost island on the border between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. The island is planned to be crossed by a bridge connecting two countries, Indonesia and Malaysia. This study employs a qualitative narrative approach, engaging conservation group members and government officials selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations to understand the subjective meaning of social protection mechanisms. The results reveal a paradox: strong bonding social capital, rooted in Javanese ethnic kinship, successfully resisted erosion and land conversion by companies but created exclusivity. Weak social bonds and bridges have isolated the surrounding Malay ethnic groups and only produced symbolic legitimacy. This study highlights the "dark side" of social capital, demonstrating that while independent internal brotherhood serves as a survival mechanism, the absence of inclusive networks and state support makes governance fragile and socially fragmented. Ultimately, this research suggests that the government must move beyond physical aid and act as a bridging institution to integrate diverse community groups for sustainable conservation.