Resumo
Geoparks are a new tourism form integrating geography and local development, focusing on geological conservation, marketing, and local culture. Geotourism Ecosystem aims to build a stronger network of geoparks. Amkhoi Wood Fossil Park in Birbhum, India, houses 20 million-year-old angiosperm wood fossils. It has been designated a Biodiversity Heritage Site, which aims to protect natural heritage, educate tourists, preserve fossils, and create jobs. Wood fossils from West Bengal, India's, Amkhoi Fossil Park are well known for offering insights into the natural history of the area. The transformation of wood into stone through the process of petrification brings to light natural occurrences such as tree falls and mineral infiltration. The most well-known fossils in the park are from the Glossopteris genus, which represents the Permian period's prehistoric vegetation. Miocene angiosperm wood fossils shed light on the ecological dynamics and evolutionary history of the area. The fossil record of the Anacardiaceae family indicates the warm, humid environment of the area. Using the Saaty scale, the study analyzed the SWOT components and used Eigenvalues to determine each factor's significance. At 54.4%, opportunities have the most weight, followed by vulnerabilities, threats, and strengths. The development of geotourism in the research area is least affected by risk factors. Each SWOT group's high local priority SWOT variables were selected. The greatest potential existed for government officials to give tourism planning more attention. Some of the weaknesses were unusual geological features, insufficient infrastructure, and low awareness. Particularly rare fossils and a geological fossil park are two of the study area's advantages.
Referências
AMARO, S.; CHAVES, N. B.; HENRIQUES, C.; BARROCO, C. Motivation-Based Segmentation of Visitors to a UNESCO Global Geopark. Geoheritage, v. 15, n. 2, 2023.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00848-3
AVELAR, S.; MANSUR, K. L.; ANJOS, S. C.; VASCONCELOS, G. F. Community Perceptions for Geoconservation of a Coastal Area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Geoheritage, v. 7, n. 3, p. 275–283,2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0130-z
BATRA, A. Himalayan ecotourism in Shimla. ABAC Journal, v. 21, n. 3, 2001.
BEGLAR, D.; NEMOTO, T. Developing Likert-scale questionnaires. JALT2013 Conference Proceedings, p. 1–8, 2014.
BELIJ, M.; ĐURĐIĆ, S.; STOJKOVIĆ, S. The evaluation of geoheritage for geotourism development: Case study on the potential Geopark Djerdap. Zbornik Radova.Geografski Fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, n. 66–2, p. 121–132, 2018.https://doi.org/10.5937/zrgfub1802121b
BHARAT ABHIYAN, S.; YAGNIK, S.; YAGNIK, V.; PROFESSOR, A. a Swot Analysis of Udaipur Tourism and. Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, v. 816, n. 10,p. 121–128, 2021.http://ijmer.in/pdf/e-Certificate of Publication-IJMER.pdf.
BORKAKOTI, S. K.; GOGOI, P.; RIVER, L.; CONSULTING, S.; KONWAR, J.; SAIKIA, R. Majuli: Resources and Challenges.Majuli as a Tourism Destination : Reality and Challenges, p. 0–17, 2017.
CHAKRABARTY, P.; MANDAL, R. Geotourism development for fossil conservation: A study in amkhoi fossil park of West Bengal in India. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, v. 27, n. 4, p. 1418–1428, 2019.https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.27425-444
CHATTERJEE, S.; DUTTA, S. Assessment of groundwater potential zone for sustainable water resource management in south-western part of Birbhum District, West Bengal. Applied Water Science, v. 12, n. 3, 2022.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01549-4
CORONATO, A.; SCHWARZ, S. Approaching geodiversity and geoconservation in Argentina. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, v. 10, n. 4, p. 597–615, 2022.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.08.011
CVETKOVIĆ, M.; ŠLJIVOVIĆ, M. Prioritization of strategies for development of ecotourism by means of ahp-swot on the example of Kopaonik, Serbia. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, v. 30, n. 6, p. 4933–4943,2021. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/135721
DANILOV, D. A.; THI DUONG, N.; BELYAEVA, N. V. The diversity of tree species in plant communities with the prevalence of the Dipterocarpaceae family tree species in Binh Chau -Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve - Vietnam. In: IOP CONFERENCE SERIES: EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, v. 574, n. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/574/1/012017
DAS, M.; ROY, P. B.Geotourism Potential of Gangani, West Bengal, India: A SWOT-AHP Approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, v. 16, n. 1, p. 1–8. 2019.
DATTA, K. Application of SWOT-TOWS Matrix and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the Formulation of Geoconservation and Geotourism Development Strategies for Mama Bhagne Pahar: an Important Geomorphosite in West Bengal, India. Geoheritage, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1–11, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00467-2
DE LIMA, F. F.; BRILHA, J. B.; SALAMUNI, E. Inventorying Geological Heritage in Large Territories: A Methodological Proposal Applied to Brazil. Geoheritage, v. 2, n. 3, p. 91–99, 2010.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-010-0014-9
DEBNATH, P.; SAHA, A. Potential benefit of eco-tourism of dooars in Alipurduar district of West Bengal. International Journal of Research in Socialv. 9, n. 5, 2019.https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijrss%5C&volume=9%5C&issue=5%5C&article=021
DINGWALL, P.; WEIGHELL, T.; BADMAN, T. Geological World Heritage: A Global Framework - A Contribution to the Global Theme Study of World Heritage Natural Sites. IUCN, 2005.
DOWLING, R. K.Geotourism’s Global Growth. Geoheritage, v. 3, n. 1, p. 1–13.2011https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-010-0024-7
DOWLING, R. K. Global Geotourism – An Emerging Form of Sustainable Tourism. Czech Journal of Tourism, v. 2, n. 2, 2014.https://doi.org/10.2478/cjot-2013-0004
ESHRAGHI, M.; AHMAD, H.; TORIMAN, M. E. Contribution of geomorphological assessment for sustainable geotourism: A case of Iran’s Desert. Advances in Environmental Biology, v. 6, n. 3, p. 1188–1195, 2012.
FARSANI, N. T.; COELHO, C.; COSTA, C.Geotourism and Geoparks as Gateways to Socio-cultural Sustainability in Qeshm Rural Areas, Iran. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, v. 17, n. 1, p. 30–48. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.610145
GHANBARI, H.; POUR, M. A. A.; BARSHOD, A. Using SWOT analysis in tourism studies with system approach. Advances in Environmental Biology, v. 6, n. 11, p. 2953–2957, 2012.
GHOSH, A.; MUKHOPADHYAY, S.; CHATTERJEE, S. Assessment of geoheritage and prospects of geotourism: An approach to geoconservation of important geological and geomorphological sites of Puruliya district, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, v. 9, n. 2, p. 264–283, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.03.001
GHOSH, S. Indi an Journal of Spati al Science Development of Geotourism using SWOT Matrix and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Mama- Bhagne Pahar Area of Birbhum, West Bengal, India. IJSS, v. 15, n. 1, p. 17–23, 2024.
GIDEBO, H. Attitude of Local Communities Towards Sustainable Tourism Development, the Case of Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia. International Journal of Advanced Research, v. 7, n. 3, p. 650–663, 2019. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/8684
GORANCZEWSKI, B.; PUCIATO, D. SWOT analysis in the formulation of tourism development strategies for destinations. Turyzm/Tourism, v. 20, n. 2, p. 45–53, 2011.https://doi.org/10.2478/v10106-010-0008-7
HOSE, T. A. European ‘geotourism’ - geological interpretation and geoconservation promotion for tourists. In Geological Heritage: its conservation and management, 2000.
HOSE, T. A. Editorial: Geotourism and Geoconservation. Geoheritage, v. 4, n. 1–2, p. 1–5, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-012-0059-z
HOSE, T. A.; VASILJEVIĆ, D. A. Defining the Nature and Purpose of Modern Geotourism with Particular Reference to the United Kingdom and South-East Europe. Geoheritage, v. 4, n. 1–2, p. 25–43,2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-011-0050-0
IFEDIEGWU, S. I. Assessment of groundwater potential zones using GIS and AHP techniques: a case study of the Lafia district, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1–17, 2022.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01556-5
JAMES, T. C.; LEE, O. Using Likert-type scales in the social sciences. Journal of Adult Education, v. 40, n. 1, p. 19–22, 2011.
JHA, A. K.; CHAKRABORTY, A.; RATHORE, V. S. Geoinformatics Based Geo – Structural and Geomorphological Study in the Lower Catchment of River Ajay, West Bengal, India. October 2015, p. 1–17, 2011.
KHAN, M. A.; SPICER, R. A.; SPICER, T. E. V.; BERA, S. Evidence for diversification of Calophyllum L. (Calophyllaceae) in the Neogene Siwalik forests of eastern Himalaya. Plant Systematics and Evolution, v. 303, n. 3, p. 371–386, 2017.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1376-5
KUBALÍKOVÁ, L.Geomorphosite assessment for geotourism purposes. Czech Journal of Tourism, v. 2, n. 2, p. 80–104, 2014.https://doi.org/10.2478/cjot-2013-0005
MANDAL, T.Geotourism Potentiality of the Rarh Region of West Bengal: A Geographical Outlook. RESEARCH REVIEW.International Journal of Multidisciplinary, v. 6, n. 12, p. 90–97, 2021.https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i12.013
MATHUR, S.; SUDHANSHU, SINGH, S. K.; MATHUR, S. C. Paleontological resources for Geotourism in barmer area of western Rajasthan, India: Implication for A national fossil park development. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, v. 28, n. 1, p. 203–216, 2020.https://doi.org/10.30892/GTG.28116-463
MELESE, T.; BELAY, T. Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and GIS in Muga Watershed, Abay Basin, Ethiopia. Global Challenges, v. 6, n. 1,2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202100068
MIGOŃ, P. Granite landscapes, geodiversity and geoheritage-global context. Heritage, v. 4, n. 1, p. 198–219, 2021.https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010012
MILJKOVIĆ, D.; BOŽIĆ, S.; MILJKOVIĆ, L.; MARKOVIĆ, S. B.; LUKIĆ, T.; JOVANOVIĆ, M.; BJELAJAC, D.; VASILJEVĆ, D. A.; VUJIČIĆ, M. D.; RISTANOVIĆ, B. Geosite Assessment Using Three Different Methods; A Comparative Study of the Krupaja and the Žagubica Springs-Hydrological Heritage of Serbia. Open Geosciences, v. 10, n. 1, p. 192–208, 2018.https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0015
MIRARI, S.; AOULAD-SIDI-MHEND, A.; BENMLIH, A.Geosites for geotourism, geoheritage, and geoconservation of the khnefiss national park, southern Morocco. Sustainability (Switzerland), v. 12, n. 17, 2020.https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177109
MONDAL, S. H. SWOT Analysis and Strategies to Develop Sustainable Tourism in Bangladesh. UTMS Journal of Economics, v. 8, n. 2, p. 159–167, 2017.
MUMU, J.; TANUJAYA, B.; CHARITAS, R.; PRAHMANA, I. Likert Scale in Social Sciences Research: Problems and Difficulties. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, v. 16, n. 4, p. 89–101, 2022.https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/Winter2022/7
MUSTIKA, A.; KHRISNA ADITYA, M. SWOT Analysis of Rural Tourism Development: Case Study of Kampung Tajur, Purwakarta. 52(Ictgtd), p. 19–28, 2018.https://doi.org/10.2991/ictgtd-18.2018.3
MUSTOE, G.; ARANYANARK, C.; BOONCHAI, N.; JINTASAKUL, P. A New Look at Cenozoic Fossil Wood from Thailand. Geosciences (Switzerland), v. 12, n. 8, 2022.https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12080291
NEZHA, M.; ROSSI, A.; EL KHALIDI, K.; PAVEL, A.-B.; CHERIF, E. K.; EL OUATY, O.; FEKRI, A. A SWOT Analysis to understand the impact of tourism industry on the Three pillars social Economy and Environment. SHS Web of Conferences, v. 119, n. 04004, 2021.https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111904004
NIKOLIĆ, D.; SPASIĆ, J.; ŽIVKOVIĆ, Ž.; DJORDJEVIĆ, P.; MIHAJLOVIĆ, I.; KANGAS, J. SWOT - AHP model for prioritzation of strategies of the resort Stara Planina. Serbian Journal of Management, v. 10, n. 2, p. 141–150, 2015.https://doi.org/10.5937/sjm10-8928
ÓLAFSDÓTTIR, R.; TVERIJONAITE, E.Geotourism: A systematic literature review. Geosciences (Switzerland), v. 8, n. 7, 2018.https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8070234
OLANIY, A. A. Application of Likert scale’s type and Cronbach’s alpha analysis in an airport perception study. Scholar Journal of Applied Sciences and Research, v. 2, n. 4, p. 1–5, 2019.http://innovationinfo.org/articles/SJASR/SJASR-4-223.pdf
PÁSKOVÁ, M.; WALL, G.; ZEJDA, D.; ZELENKA, J. Tourism carrying capacity reconceptualization: Modelling and management of destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, v. 21, 2021.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100638
PIRNAR, İ.; KURTURAL, S.; ERIŞ, E. D. SWOT-TOWS Analysis of Urla Destination’s Alternative Tourism Development. International.Journal of Contemporary Tourism Research, 2020, p. 235–244, 2019.https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.650380
PRADHAN, B.; RAHAMAN, C. H. New addition to the flora of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. v. 3, n. 3, p. 234–239, 2014.
PROFILE, S. E. E. Flowering Plants of Ghughua Fossil Park, Madhya Pradesh, India. June, 2018https://doi.org/10.7537/marsnys101017.01.Keywords
RAHA, S.; MONDAL, M.; GAYEN, S. K. Ecotourism Potential Zone Mapping by Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Weighted Linear Algorithm: A Study on West Bengal, India. Journal of Geographical Studies, v. 5, n. 2, p. 44–64, 2021.https://doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.21050201
RAMAIYA, D. V.Geoheritage sites of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and their preservation and management. December, 2015.
ROTE, P. J. G. Paleontological parks and museums and prominent fossil sites in Thailand and their importance in the conservation of fossils [Les parcs et muséespaléontologiques et les principauxgisementsfossilifères de Thaïlande :leurrôle dans la sauvegarde des fo. Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology, 03(January), p. 75–95, 2009.
SAATY, R. W. The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling, v. 9, n. 3–5, p. 161–176, 1987.https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8
SAHANI, N. Assessment of ecotourism potentiality in GHNPCA, Himachal Pradesh, India, using remote sensing, GIS and MCDA techniques. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, v. 3, n. 2, p. 623–646, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-019-00116-9
SAHANI, N. Application of analytical hierarchy process and GIS for ecotourism potentiality mapping in Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v. 22, n. 7, p. 6187–6211, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00470-w
SAHANI, N. Application of hybrid SWOT-AHP-FuzzyAHP model for formulation and prioritization of ecotourism strategies in Western Himalaya, India. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, v. 9, n. 3, p. 349–362, 2021.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.08.001
SAHARIAH, D.; SINGHA, K.; BORA, D. K.; KUNDU, S.; DAS, T.; SEN, S.; DAS, K.; MILI, B.; BARUAH, J.; SARMA, K.; SAIKIA, M.; SAIKIA, A.Majuli at the crossroads: A study of cultural geomorphology. Space and Culture, India, v. 1, n. 2, p. 12–20, 2013.https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v1i2.26
SEN, S. Ecotourism in West Bengal: Amkhoi Wood Fossil Park. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, v. 2, n. 3, p. 214–217, 2020.https://doi.org/10.35629/5252-0203214217
SINGH, A. Plight of Salkhan Fossil Park in Uttar Pradesh. January, 2016.
SRIVASTAVA, G.; ADHIKARI, P.; MEHROTRA, R. C.; PAUDEL, L.; UHL, D.; PAUDAYAL, K. N. Dipterocarpus Gaertn. (Dipterocarpaceae) leaf from the Middle Siwalik of eastern Nepal and its phytogeographic and climatic significance. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, v. 53, p. 39–45, 2017.https://doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v53i0.23799
SRIVASTAVA, R.; CHANDEL, R. S.; SINGH, S. Fossil wood of Dipterocarpus from Nagri Formation (Middle Siwalik) of India: palaeoclimatic and phytogeographical significance. Journal of Palaeosciences, v. 63, n. 1-2, p. 41–49, 2014.https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2014.320
STOFKOVA, J.; KREJNUS, M.; STOFKOVA, K. R.; MALEGA, P.; BINASOVA, V. Use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Selected Methods in the Managerial Decision-Making Process in the Context of Sustainable Development. Sustainability (Switzerland), v. 14, n. 18, 2022.https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811546
SUMANAPALA, D.; WOLF, I. D. Man-Made Impacts on Emerging Geoparks in the Asian Region. Geoheritage, v. 12, n. 3, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-020-00493-0
SUZUKI, D. A.; TAKAGI, H. Evaluation of Geosite for Sustainable Planning and Management in Geotourism. Geoheritage, v. 10, n. 1, p. 123–135, 2020https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0225-4
SZELIGA-DUCHNOWSKA, A.; GORANCZEWSKI, B. Use of Tows Analysis in Tourism and Recreation Strategy Planning by a Commune Governing the Hosting Area. EkonomiczneProblemyTurystyki, v. 40, n. 40, p. 103–114, 2017.https://doi.org/10.18276/ept.2017.4.40-09
TAMBUNAN, T. S. SWOT Analysis for Tourism Development Strategy of Samosir Regency. TIJAB (The International Journal of Applied Business), v. 4, n. 2, p. 90, 2020. https://doi.org/10.20473/tijab.v4.i2.2020.90-105
THAPA, R.; GUPTA, S. Assessment of groundwater potential zones using multi-influencing factor (MIF) and GIS: a case study from Birbhum district, West Bengal. Applied Water Science, v. 7, n. 7, p. 4117–4131, 2017.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0571-z
THOMAS, B. Ecotourism: A Sustainable Development Connect to Nature and A Strategy for Balancing Economic Growth, Socio-Cultural Development and Conservation. APJAET - Journal Ay Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Education and Technology, v. 1, n. 1, p. 64–72, 2022.https://doi.org/10.54476/apjaetv1i1mar20229903
TUAN, N. H.; CANH, T. T. Integral Swot-Ahp-Tows Model for Strategic Agricultural Development in the Context of Drought: a Case Study in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam. International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, v. 14, n. 1, p. 1–30, 2022.https://doi.org/10.13033/IJAHP.V14I1.890
WOODIER, N. International perspectives. Forensic Practice in the Community, p. 61–81, 2014.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203485804
ZGŁOBICKI, W.; BARAN-ZGŁOBICKA, B.Geomorphological Heritage as a Tourist Attraction. A Case Study in Lubelskie Province, SE Poland. Geoheritage, v. 5, n. 2, p. 137–149, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-013-0076-6
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sajal Ghosh, Vibhash Chanra Jha, Jitendra Shukla