Palavras-chave
visitação
saúde
áreas protegidas
serviços ecossistêmicos
Como Citar
Resumo
Em meio à crise ambiental global, a importância dos ambientes naturais para a sociedade tem sido cada vez mais estudada e incorporada em políticas públicas urbanas, ambientais, de lazer e saúde. A crescente urbanização da população mundial evidencia o papel desempenhado pelas áreas verdes na proteção de serviços ecossistêmicos diversos, com destaque para os benefícios à saúde e bem-estar, tanto para a população adulta, quanto para crianças e adolescentes. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho buscou investigar as motivações e os benefícios percebidos por visitantes de quatro parques urbanos no Brasil, relacionados a dez dimensões do bem-estar, e para o desenvolvimento infantil. A partir de levantamento realizado com 816 visitantes de parques localizados nos municípios de Brasília, Rio de Janeiro e Juiz de Fora, foi identificado um perfil sociodemográfico semelhante. As motivações para visitar e os benefícios percebidos com a visita aos parques urbanos foram elevadas para todas as dimensões do bem-estar, com destaque para a dimensão emocional, seguida do bem-estar físico, ambiental, espiritual e social. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre as cidades. Três em cada quatro visitantes concorda ou concorda totalmente que os parques urbanos trazem benefícios para o desenvolvimento das crianças, principalmente benefícios físicos, respiratórios, sociais, para o desenvolvimento cognitivo e redução da ansiedade. Os resultados destacam, portanto, a relevância dos parques urbanos no Brasil para a promoção do bem-estar da sociedade e para o desenvolvimento infantil, o que reforça a necessidade de investimento em políticas públicas voltadas à criação e implementação de áreas verdes acessíveis e adequadas para permitir o usufruto cotidiano a todos os cidadãos, particularmente no contexto urbano.
Referências
ARADI, R.; THORÉN, K. H. & FJØRTOFT, I. The urban landscape as affordance for adolescents’ everyday physical activity, Landscape Research, 41:5, 569-584. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2015.1077943
ASAH, S. T. & BLAHNA, D. J. Practical Implications of Understanding the Influence of Motivations on Commitment to Voluntary Urban Conservation Stewardship. Conservation Biology, 27: 866-875. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12058
BALLANTYNE, R. & PACKER, J. Using tourism free-choice learning experiences to
promote environmentally sustainable behaviour: the role of post-visit ‘action resources’. Environmental Education Research, 17:2, 201-215. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2010.530645
BARAL, H., M. R. GUARIGUATA, AND R. J. KEENAN. A proposed framework for assessing ecosystem goods and services from planted forests. Ecosystem Services, 22:260-268. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.002
BARNAUD, C., E. CORBERA, R. MURADIAN, N. SALLIOU, C. SIRAMI, A. VIALATTE, J.-P. CHOISIS, N. DENDONCKER, R. MATHEVET, C. MOREAU, V. REYES-GARCÍA, M. BOADA, M. DECONCHAT, C. CIBIEN, S. GARNIER, R. MANEJA, AND M. ANTONA. Ecosystem services, social interdependencies, and collective action: a conceptual framework. Ecology and Society, 23(1):15. 2018. https://doi.org/10.5751/ ES-09848-230115
BARTON, J. & PRETTY, J. What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(10):3947-55. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903183r
BRAAT L C & DE GROOT R. The ecosystem services agenda: bridging the worlds of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public and private policy. Ecosystem Services, 1: 4–15. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.011
BLANCK H. M., ALLEN D., BASHIR Z., GORDON N., GOODMAN A., MERRIAM D., RUTT C. Let's go to the park today: the role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public's health. Child Obes., Oct;8(5):423-8. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2012.0085.blan
BUCKLEY R. Ecotourism Principles and Practices. CABI Tourism Texts, Cambridge, 368 pp. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845934576.0000
BUCKLEY, R. Nature tourism and mental health: parks, happiness, and causation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28 (9), 1409-1424. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1742725
CASEY B., GETZ S., GALVAN A. The adolescent brain. Dev Rev.; 28(1):62-77. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003
CHARLES, C., LOUV, R., BODNER, L., & GUNS, B. Children and nature 2008. A Report on the Movement to Reconnect Children to the Natural World. Santa Fe: Children and Nature Network, 9-11. 2008.
CHAWLA, L. Benefits of Nature Contact for Children. Journal of Planning Literature. 30(4):433-452. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595441
CHERRIE, M.; SHORTT, N., THOMPSON, C., DEARY, I. & PEARCE, J. Association Between the Activity Space Exposure to Parks in Childhood and Adolescence and Cognitive Aging in Later Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16(4), 632. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040632
GRAHN, PATRIK, AND ULRIKA K. STIGSDOTTER. The relation between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration. Landscape and urban planning. 94.3-4, 264-275. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.10.012
DADVAND P, NIEUWENHUIJSEN MJ, ESNAOLA M, FORNS J, BASAGAÑA X, ALVAREZ-PEDREROL M, RIVAS I, LÓPEZ-VICENTE M, DE CASTRO PASCUAL M, SU J, JERRETT M, QUEROL X, SUNYER J. Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jun 30;112(26):7937-42. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503402112
DIRZO R, YOUNG HS, GALETTI M, CEBALLOS G, ISAAC NJB, COLLEN B. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science Vol 345, Issue 6195, pp. 401-406. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251817
DOUGLAS JA, ARCHER RS, ALEXANDER SE. Ecological determinants of respiratory health: Examining associations between asthma emergency department visits, diesel particulate matter, and public parks and open space in Los Angeles, California. Prev Med Rep. Mar 27;14:100855. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100855
ELDEIRAWI K, KUNZWEILER C, ZENK S, FINN P, NYENHUIS S, ROSENBERG N, PERSKY V. Associations of urban greenness with asthma and respiratory symptoms in Mexican American children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Mar;122(3):289-295. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.12.009
ELLIOTT LR, WHITE MP, TAYLOR AH, HERBERT S. Energy expenditure on recreational visits to different natural environments. Soc Sci Med. Aug;139:53-60. 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.038
Europarc-España. Salud y áreas protegidas en España. Identificación de los beneficios de las áreas protegidas sobre la salud y el bien estar social. Madrid, Spain: Europarc-España, 2013.
FJØRTOFT, I.; KRISTOFFERSENB, B. & SAGEIE, J. Children in schoolyards: Tracking movement patterns and physical activity in schoolyards using global positioning system and heart rate monitoring. Landscape and Urban Planning. 93 210–217. 2009. https://doi.org/101016/j.landurbplan.2009.07.008
FLOYD M., BOCARRO J., SMITH W., BARAN P., MOORE R., COSCO N., EDWARDS M., SUAU L., FANG K. Park-based physical activity among children and adolescents. Am J Prev Med. Sep;41(3):258-65. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.013
FRANCO, M.; FRANCO, J.; CUNHA, A. Ecoturismo, Conservação da Natureza e Deep Ecology: uma reflexão sobre o turismo como experiência de ampliação da consciência. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science. v.10, n.2. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21664/ 2238-8869.2021v10i2.p97-115
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA (IBGE). Censo Brasileiro de 2010. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2020.
KENIGER L E, GASTON K J, IRVINE K N, FULLER R A. What are the benefits of interacting with nature? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3): 913-935. 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph10030913
KUO, F. E., & SULLIVAN, W. C. Aggression and violence in the inner city: Effects of environment via mental fatigue. Environment and behavior, 33(4), 543-571. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973124
LARSON, L. R.; WHITING, J. W. & GREEN, G.T. Exploring the influence of outdoor recreation participation on pro-environmental behaviour in a demographically diverse population. Local Environment, 16:1, 67-86. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2010.548373
LARSON L., JENNINGS V., CLOUTIER S. Public Parks and Wellbeing in Urban Areas of the United States. PLoS ONE, 11(4): e0153211. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153211
LEMIEUX, C., EAGLES, P., SLOCOMBE, D.; DOHERTY, S., ELLIOT, S. & MOCK, S. Human health and well-being motivations and benefits associated with protected area experiences: An opportunity for transforming policy and management in Canada. Parks, 18 (1), 71–85. 2012.
MAZZEI K, COLESANTI M T, SANTOS D G . Areas verdes urbanas, espaços livres para o lazer. Sociedade & Natureza, Uberlândia, 19(1): 33-43. 2007.
MALLER, C., HENDERSON-WILSON, C., PRYOR, L., PROSSER, L. & MOORE, M.. The health benefits of contact with nature in a park context – A review of relevant literature (2nd ed.). Deakin University – School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioural Sciences, 2008.
MALLER, C., TOWNSEND, M., PRYOR, A., BROWN, P., & ST. LEGER, L. Healthy nature Healthy people: ‘Contact with nature’ as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promotion International, 21(1), 45–54. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dai032
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. Healthy parks, healthy people US. Strategic action plan. National Park Service, 2011.
NATURAL ENGLAND. Monitor of engagement with the natural environment: The national survey on people and the natural environment. Natural England, 2012.
PARKS VICTORIA. A Guide to the Healthy Parks Healthy People: approach and current practices, 2015.
PASCUAL, U. et al. Valuing nature’s contributions to people: the IPBES approach. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability, 26: 7–16. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006
RAZANI N., MORSHED S., KOHN M., WELLS N., THOMPSON D., ALQASSARI M. Effect of park prescriptions with and without group visits to parks on stress reduction in low-income parents: SHINE randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 13(2): e0192921. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192921
RUSSELL R., GUERRY A., BALVANERA P. Humans and Nature: How knowing and experiencing Nature affect well-being. Annual Review of Environment and Re- sources, 38: 473-502. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1146/an- nurev-environ-012312-110838
ROMAGOSA, F.; EAGLES, P.F.J.; LEMIEUX, C.J. . From the inside out to the outside in: Exploring the role of parks and protected areas as providers of human health and well-being. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 10: 70-77, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.06.009
ROMAGOSA, F. Physical health in green spaces: Visitors’ perceptions and activities in protected areas around Barcelona. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 23, 26–32. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.07.002
SARLAT, E., GARCÍA, O., & WOOD, P. Urban ethno-botanists, storytellers of our cities: An ecotourism initiative from Barcelona, Spain. Journal of Ecotourism, 12(3), 189-196, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2013.866675
SANCHO-PIVOTO, A., DEUS, J. Áreas Protegidas e Ambientes Urbanos: novos significados e transformações associados ao fenômeno da urbanização extensiva. Sociedade & Natureza, v. 27, p. 223-238. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-451320150203
SCARANO F. Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: concept, scalability and a role for conservation science. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 15: 65–73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.05.003. 2017
SQUILLACIOTI G., BELLISARIO V., LEVRA S., PICCIONI P., & BONO R. Greenness Availability and Respiratory Health in a Population of Urbanised Children in North-Western Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 22;17(1):108 2019.. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010108
STELNRICH, N. From Intuitive to Evidence Based: Developing the Science of Nature as a Public Health Resource. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125: 114002-1-114002-2. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2613
SZEREMETA, B. & ZANNIN, P. A importância dos parques urbanos e áreas verdes na promoção da qualidade de vida em cidades. Raega-O Espaço Geográfico em Análise, v. 29, p. 177-193. 2013. https://doi.org/10.5380/raega.v29i0.30747.
TAYLOR, A. F., KUO, F. E., & SULLIVAN, W. C. Views of nature and self-discipline: Evidence from inner city children. Journal of environmental psychology, 22(1-2), 49-63. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0241
TILMAN, D.; REICH P.; KNOPS, J. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature, 441, 629–632. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04742
TISCHER, C., GASCON, M., FERNÁNDEZ-SOMOANO, A., TARDÓN, A., MATEROLA, A. L., IBARLUZEA, J. & DADVAND, P. Urban green and grey space in relation to respiratory health in children. European Respiratory Journal, 49(6). 2017. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02112-2015
TRZYNA, T. Urban Protected Areas: Profiles and best practice guidelines. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 22, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2014.
WELLS N. At home with nature: effects of “greenness” on children’s cognitive functioning. Environ Behav 32(6):775–795.2000. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160021972793
WOLCH, J., BYRNE, J., & NEWELL, J. P. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and urban planning, 125, 234-244. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
WOOD, L., HOOPER, P., FOSTER, S., & BULL, F. Public green spaces and positive mental health–investigating the relationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing. Health & Place, 48, 63-71. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.002
WHRIGHT, P. A. & MATHES, C. Building a culture of conservation: research findings and research priorities on connecting people to nature in parks. Parks, 21: 11-24. 2015. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2014.PARKS-21-2PAW.en
WU, C., MCNEELY, E., CEDEÑO-LAURENT, J. G., PAN, W. C., ADAMKIEWICZ, G., DOMINICI, F., & SPENGLER, J. D. Linking student performance in Massachusetts elementary schools with the “greenness” of school surroundings using remote sensing. PloS one, 9(10), e108548. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108548
YOUNAN D, TUVBLAD C, LI L, WU J, LURMANN F, FRANKLIN M, BERHANE K, MCCONNELL R, WU AH, BAKER LA, CHEN JC. Environmental Determinants of Aggression in Adolescents: Role of Urban Neighborhood Greenspace. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Jul;55(7):591-601. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.002.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 André Almeida Cunha, Camila Gonçalves Oliveira Rodrigues, Altair Sancho-Pivoto, Francesc Romagosa Casals