Refracciones históricas y culturales en las transiciones educativas recientes: el ejemplo de los países europeos del antiguo bloque socialista
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Treinta años después de la caída del bloque soviético, aún persiste una retórica de diferenciación y polarización discursiva entre los patrones educacionales occidentales y no occidentales. Tal retórica eclipsa una semejanza potencial, u homogeneidad, entre los diversos contextos dominantes y marginalizados. Variaciones regionales, locales y personales son prematuramente atribuidas a diferencias culturales fundamentales, ahora muchas veces mal fundamentadas. Buscamos presentar y resumir preliminarmente las formas de entender existentes en relación a la refracción en la educación y en la investigación social. Usada esporádicamente, pero raramente definida, la metáfora de la refracción presenta: (a) una multiplicidad de puntos de vista como incentivo a la investigación social; (b) un progreso científico no relativista como valor final para la comprensión de la realidad social; (c) un abordaje equilibrado en relación a la homogeneidad y heterogeneidad en la investigación social; (d) una orientación sustancialmente histórica para analizar la homogeneidad y la heterogeneidad. La educación en los países europeos del antiguo bloque socialista permite demostrar cómo son retóricamente exageradas la diferencia y la heterogeneidad y cómo las variaciones pueden ser abordadas de forma más adecuada por medio del análisis de refracción.
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