Refrações históricas e culturais nas transições educacionais recentes: o exemplo dos países europeus do antigo bloco socialista
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Trinta anos após a queda do bloco soviético, ainda persiste uma retórica de diferenciação e polarização discursiva entre os padrões educacionais ocidentais e não ocidentais. Tal retórica ofusca uma semelhança potencial, ou homogeneidade, entre os diversos contextos dominantes e marginalizados. Variações regionais, locais e pessoais são prematuramente atribuídas a diferenças culturais fundamentais, embora muitas vezes mal fundamentadas. Procuramos apresentar e resumir preliminarmente os entendimentos existentes quanto à refração na educação e na pesquisa social. Usada esporadicamente, mas raramente definida, a metáfora da refração apresenta: (a) uma multiplicidade de pontos de vista como incentivo à pesquisa social; (b) um progresso científico não relativista como valor final para a compreensão da realidade social; (c) uma abordagem equilibrada em relação à homogeneidade e heterogeneidade na pesquisa social; (d) uma orientação substancialmente histórica para analisar a homogeneidade e a heterogeneidade. A educação nos países europeus do antigo bloco socialista permite demonstrar como são retoricamente exageradas a diferença e a heterogeneidade e como as variações podem ser abordadas de forma mais adequada por meio da análise de refrações.
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