Glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) exhibits a larger number of trichomes and altered stomatal density relative to the susceptible counterpart

Luisa Carolina  Baccin; Alfredo Junior Paiola   Albrecht; Rafael Munhoz  Pedroso; Lucas da Silva  Araújo; Mateus Augusto  Dotta; Ricardo Victoria  Filho

doi:10.14393/BJ-v39n0a2023-64343

Authors

Luisa Carolina Baccin Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6456-6044
Alfredo Junior Paiola Albrecht Universidade Federal do Paraná https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8390-3381
Rafael Munhoz Pedroso Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-6750
Lucas da Silva Araújo Universidade de São Paulo
Mateus Augusto Dotta Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4980-6024
Ricardo Victoria Filho Universidade de São Paulo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v39n0a2023-64343

Keywords:

Herbicides, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Stoma, Leaf surface.

Abstract

Following the adoption of Roundup Ready crops, glyphosate spraying frequency increased, while the use of other herbicide modes of action was neglected. Herbicide-resistant biotypes were reported in three major Conyza species in Brazil, including Conyza bonariensis, increasing growers’ bottom line. Considering that leaf surface structures affect proper herbicide deposition, uptake, and performance, this study aimed to characterize epicuticular surface components in glyphosate-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) C. bonariensis. Conyza spp. seeds were collected in 36 locations in Brazil, and plants were subjected to resistance screening tests by spraying glyphosate at 720 and 1440 g ae ha^-1 (0.5X and 1X the label recommended rate, respectively). For resistance level characterization, C. bonariensis biotypes with contrasting responses were selected for glyphosate dose-response assays. Leaf tissues for epicuticular surface analysis were harvested from newly-obtained R and S biotypes at two growth stages. Histological cuts were made on a leaf area of 25 mm² with a blade. Samples were fixed in Karnowsky solution, gradually changed to 100% ethanol, critical-point dried with CO², and coated with gold, followed by stomatal and trichome density quantification using scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated a poor control with glyphosate in 33 of 36 Conyza spp. biotypes, and a high (31.5) resistance factor was calculated after dose-response trials. Leaf surface analysis indicated that C. bonariensis leaves are amphistomatic and exhibit tectorial trichomes. A higher number of trichomes and altered stomatal density (number.mm²) were quantified in R compared to the S counterpart, potentially reducing glyphosate uptake and effectiveness.

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