Pasture management and greenhouse gases emissions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-60614Palavras-chave:
Nitrous Oxide. Methane. Carbon Dioxide. Grazing Management.Resumo
Pastures are important environments worldwide because they offer many ecosystem services and sustain meat and milk production. However, pastures ecosystems are responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The major GHGs include CO2, CH4, and N2O. The present review summarizes GHG emission from pasture ecosystems and discusses strategies to mitigate this problem. In pastures, emissions originate from animal excretion, fertilization, and organic matter decomposition. Emissions of specific gases can be measured based on certain factors that were recently updated by the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2019. Urine is the main source of N2O emission. Forage structure is an important factor driving GHG transport. Forage fiber content and animal intake are the key drivers of enteric CH4 emission, and the introduction of forage legumes in pasture systems is one of the most promising strategy to mitigate GHG emission.
Downloads
Referências
ABIEC - Brazilian Association of Meat Exporting Industries. Beef Report: Livestock Profile in Brazil 2020. Available from: http://abiec.com.br/publicacoes/beef-report-2020
ARCHIMÈDE, H., et al. Comparison of methane production between C3 and C4 grasses and vegetables. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2011, 166, 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.00
ARCHIMÈDE, H., et al. Intake, total-tract digestibility, and methane emissions of Texel and Blackbelly sheep fed C4 and C3 grasses tested simultaneously in a temperate and a tropical area. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018, 185, 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.059
BARNEZE, A. S., et al. Vegetables increase grassland productivity with no effect on nitrous oxide emissions. Plant and Soil. 2020, 446, 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04338-w
BENAOUDA, M., et al. Evaluation of the performance of existing mathematical models predicting enteric methane emissions from ruminants: Animal categories and dietary mitigation strategies. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2019, 255, 114207. https://doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114207
BERÇA, A.S., et al. Methane production and nitrogen balance of dairy heifers grazing palisade grass cv. Marandu alone or with peanut forage. Journal of Animal Science. 2019, 97, 4625-4634. https://doi:10.1093/jas/skz310
BODDEY, R.M., et al. Forage vegetables in grass pastures in tropical Brazil and likely impacts on greenhouse gas emissions: A review. Grass and Forage Science. 2020, 70, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12498
BOWATTE, S., et al. Grassland plant species and cultivar effects on nitrous oxide emissions after urine application. Geoderma. 2018, 323, 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.001
BRETAS, I.L., et al. Nitrous oxide, methane, and ammonia emissions from cattle excreta on Brachiaria decumbens growing in monoculture or silvopasture with Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2020, 295, 106896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106896
BUTTERBACH-BAHL, K., et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls? Biological Sciences. 2013, 368, 20130122. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122
CARDOSO, A.S., et al. Impact of the intensification of beef production in Brazil on greenhouse gas emissions and land use. Agricultural System, 2016, 143, 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.12.007
CARDOSO, A.S., et al. Impact of grazing intensity and seasons on greenhouse gas emissions in tropical grassland. Ecosystems, 2017, 20, 845-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0065-0
CARDOSO, A.S., et al. Effect of volume of urine and mas of feces on N2O and CH4 emissions of dairy cow excreta in a tropical pasture. Animal Production Science, 2018, 58, 1079–1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN15392
CARDOSO, A.S., et al. Seasonal effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions for beef cattle excreta and urea fertilizer applied to a tropical pasture. Soil and Tillage Research. 2019a, 194, 104341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.104341
CARDOSO, A.S., et al. How do methane rates vary with soil moisture and compaction, N and compound rate, and dung
addition in a tropical soil? International Journal of Biometeorology. 2019b, 63, 1533-1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1641-0
CARDOSO, A.S., et al. Intensification: A key strategy to achieve great animal and environmental beef cattle production sustainability in Brachiaria grasslands. Sustainability. 2020a, 12, 6656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166656
CARDOSO, A.S., et al. How do greenhouse gas emissions vary with biofertilizer type and soil temperature and moisture in a tropical grassland? Pedosphere. 2020b, 30, 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60025-X
CARVALHO, Z.G., et al. Morphogenic, structural, productive and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria in silvopastoral system under nitrogen doses. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences. 2019, 41, 1-8 https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.39190
CHAMBERLAIN, S.D., et al. Influence of transient methane flooding on subtropical pastures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2016, 121, 965-977. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003283
CHEN, S., et al. Impact of 13-years of nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide and methane fluxes and ecosystem respiration in a grassland temperate. Environmental Pollution. 2019, 252, 675-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.069
CORREA, D.C.D., et al. CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from soil are affected by the sources and doses of N in tropical pastures? Atmosphere, 2021, 12, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060697
DA SILVA, S.C., et al. Nutritive value and morphological characteristics of Mombasa grass managed with different rotational grazing strategies. Journal of Agricultural Science 2019, 157, 592-598. https://doi:10.1017/S0021859620000052
DE MARCHI, S.R., et al. Potential of Greenhouse Gas Production by Guinea Grass Subjected to Weed Competition. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2019, 11, 257. https://doi:10.5539/jas.v11n8p257
DELEVATTI, L.M., et al. Effect of nitrogen application rate on yield, forage quality, and animal performance in a tropical pasture. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 7296. https://doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44138-x
GERBER, P.J., et al. Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. 1st ed. Roma: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013.
GODDE, C.M., et al. Soil carbon sequestration in grazing systems: managing expectations. Climate Change, 2020, 161, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02673-x
GRASSMANN, C.S., et al. Effect of tropical grass and nitrogen fertilization on nitrous oxide, methane, and ammonia emissions of maize-based rotation systems. Atmospheric Environment. 2020, 234, 117571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117571
HALL, S.J., MCDOWELL, W.H., and SILVER, W.L. When wet gets wetter: decoupling of moisture, redox biogeochemistry, and greenhouse gas fluxes in a tropical humid forest soil. Ecosystems. 2013, 16(4), 576-589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9631-2
HATFIELD, R.D. and KALSCHEUR, K.F. Carbohydrate and Protein Nutritional Chemistry of Forages. Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture. 2020, 2, 595-607. https://doi:10.1002/9781119436669.ch33
HODGSON, J. Grazing management. Science into practice. 1st ed. London: Longman Group UK Ltd., 1990.
IPCC. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019. Available from: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/index.html
KHAN, R.Z., MULLER, C. and SOMMER, S.G. Micrometeorological mass balance technique for measuring CH4 emission from stored cattle slurry. Biology and Fertility Soils. 1997 24, 442–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050270
LIEBIG, M., FRANZLUEBBERS, A.J. and FOLLETT, R.F. (Ed.). Managing agricultural greenhouse gases: Coordinated agricultural research through GRACE net to address our changing climate. 1st ed. Cambridge: Academic Press, 2012.
LIU, Q., LUO, L. and ZHENG, L. Lignins: biosynthesis and biological functions in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018, 19 (2), 335. https://doi:10.3390/ijms19020335
LUO, Q., et al. The responses of soil respiration to nitrogen addition in a temperate grassland in northern China. Science of the Total Environment. 2016, 569, 1466-1477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.237
MAIA, S.M., et al. Effect of grassland management on soil carbon sequestration in Rondônia and Mato Grosso states, Brazil. Geoderma. 2009, 149, 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.11.023
MARQUES, D.L., et al. Production and chemical composition of hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulatto II under a system of cuts and nitrogen fertilization. Bioscience Journal. 2017, 33, 685-697. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v33n3-32956
MAZZETTO, A.M., et al. Temperature moisture and affect methane and nitrous oxide emission from manure patches in tropical conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2014, 76, 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.026
MCTIC - Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications 2020. Annual estimates of greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil. Available from: https://issuu.com/mctic/docs/livro_estimativas_anuais_de_emissoes_de_gases_de_e
MIN, B.R., et al. Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants: A review of plant tannins mitigation options. Animal Nutrition. 2020, 6, 231-246. https://doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.002
MORI, A. and HOJITO, M. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions due to excrete returns from grazing cattle in Nasu, Japan. Grassland Science. 2015, 61, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/grs.12081
NIELSEN, H.H., et al. Productivity and carbon footprint of perennial grass–forage vegetable intercropping strategies with high or low nitrogen fertilizer input. Science of the Total Environment. 2016, 541, 1339-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.013
NIKLAUS, P.A., et al. Plant species diversity affects soil–atmosphere fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide. Oecology. 2016, 181, 919-930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3611-8
NORRIS, A.B., et al. Effect of quebracho condensed tannin extract on fecal gas flux in steers. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2020, 49, 5, 1225-1235. https://doi:10.1002/jeq2.20110
NYFELER, D., et al. Grass–vegetable mixtures can yield more nitrogen than pure stands vegetable due to mutual stimulation of nitrogen uptake from symbiotic and non-symbiotic sources. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2011, 140, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.11.022
OLDROYD, G.E., et al. The rules of engagement in the symbiosis-rhizobial legume. Annual review of genetics. 2011, 45, 119-144. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132549
OLIVEIRA, P.P.A., et al. Greenhouse gas balance and carbon footprint of pasture-based beef cattle production systems in the tropical region (Atlantic Forest biome). Animal. 2020, 14, s427-s437. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731120001822
ORAM, N.J., et al. Can flooding-induced greenhouse gas emissions be mitigated by trait-based plant species choice? Science of the Total Environment. 2020, 727, 138476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138476
PINHEIRO, E.F., et al. Nitrous oxide emissions under pasture cover in a toposequence in Seropédica, RJ. RVq Niterói. 2018, 10 (6). https://doi.org/10.21577/1984-6835.20180119
PLAZA-BONILLA D., et al. No-Till Farming Systems to Reduce Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Increase Methane Uptake. In: Dang Y., Dalal R., Menzies N. (eds) No-till Farming Systems for Sustainable Agriculture. 2020. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46409-7_19
RAPOSO, E., et al. Greenhouse gases emissions from tropical grasslands affected by nitrogen fertilizer management. Agronomy Journal. 2020, 112, 4666-4680. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20385
RUGGIERI, A.C., et al. Grazing Intensity Impacts on Herbage Mass, Sward Structure, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Animal Performance: Analysis of Brachiaria Pastureland. Agronomy. 2020, 10, 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111750
SAGGAR, S., et al. Denitrification and N2O:N2 production in temperate grasslands: Processes, measurements, modeling and mitigating negative impacts. Science of the Total Environment. 2013, 465, 173-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.050
SAGGAR, S., et al. Measured and modelled estimates of nitrous oxide emission and methane consumption from a sheep-grazed pasture. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 2007, 122, 357-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.02.006
SANTANA, S.S., et al. Canopy characteristics and tillering dynamics of Marandu palisade grass pastures in the rainy–dry transition season. Grass Sci Forage, 2017, 2, 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12234
SAUVANT, D. and GIGER-REVERDIN, S. Modélisation des interactions digestives et de la production de methane. INRA Animal productions. 2009, 22, 375–384. https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2009.22.5.3362
SCHMEER, M., et al. Legume-based forage production systems reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Soil and Tillage Research. 2014, 143, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.05.001
SMIT, HP., et al. Pasture under irrigation substantially affects N2O emissions in South Africa. Atmosphere. 2020, 11, 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090925
SOUSSANA, J.F., et al. Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites. Agric Ecosyst Enviro. 2007, 121, 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022
STAGNARI, F., et al. Multiple benefits of vegetables for agriculture sustainability: an overview. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2017, 4, 2-7. https://doi:10.1186/s40538-016-0085-1
TAIZ, L., et al. 2017. Photosynthesis: Luminous Reactions. In: L. TAIZ and E. ZEIGER, eds. Physiology and Plant Development, Porto Alegre: Artmed, pp. 139-173.
TEDESCHI, L.O. and FOX, D.G. The ruminant nutrition system: an applied model for predicting nutrient requirements and feed utilization in ruminants. 2nd ed. XanEdu, Acton, MA. 2018. https://doi:10.1017/S0021859617000296
TEDESCHI, L.O., RAMÍREZ-RESTREPO, C.A. and MUIR, J.P. Developing a conceptual model of possible benefits of condensed tannins for ruminant production. Animal: an international journal of animal bioscience. 2014, 8, 1095. https://doi: 10.1017/S1751731114000974
TIMILSENA, Y.P., et al. Enhanced efficiency fertilisers: a review of formulation and nutrient release patterns. Journal of Science Food Agriculture. 2015, 95, 1131-1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6812
UWIZEYE, A., et al. Nitrogen emissions along global livestock supply chains. Nature Food. 2020, 1, 437-446. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0113-y
VAN DER WEERDEN, T.J., et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertiliser and effluent with and without inhibitors applied to pasture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2016, 219, 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.12.006
WANG, P.Z., et al. China's grazed temperate grasslands are a net source of atmospheric methane. Atmospheric Environment. 2009, 43(13), 2148-2153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.021
WANG, Y., et al. Mitigating greenhouse gas and emissions from beef cattle feedlot production: a system meta-analysis. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018, 52, 19, 11232-11242, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02475
WU, G.L., et al. Vegetables functional group promotes soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage by increasing plant diversity. Land Degradation & Development. 2017, 28, 1336-1344. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2570
YUAN, J., et al. Effects of different fertilizers on methane emissions and methanogenic community structures in paddy rhizosphere soil. Science of Total Environment. 2018, 627, 770-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.233
YUE, P., et al. A five-year study of the impact of nitrogen addition on methane uptake in alpine grassland. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6, 32064. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32064
ZHANG, L., et al. Phosphorus alleviation of nitrogen‐suppressed methane sink in global grasslands. Ecology Letters. 2020, 23, 821-830. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13480
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Abmael da Silva Cardoso, Vanessa Zirondi Longhini, Andressa Scholz Berça, Fernando Ongaratto, Debora Siniscalchi, Ricardo Andrade Reis, Ana Cláudia Ruggieri
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
