ECOTOXICITY OF SARS-CoV-2 AND EMERGING CONTAMINANTS: IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH FROM THE ONE HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14393/Hygeia2176367Palavras-chave:
Environmental surveillance, Basic sanitation, Environmental pollution, Public policies, Social vulnerabilityResumo
The increasing spread of environmental pollutants (biological, physical, and chemical) combined with limited knowledge about emerging contaminants poses a significant risk to both the environment and human health. SARS-CoV-2 has affected various sectors of human society (including biomedical, epidemiological, social, economic, political, cultural, and historical domains) particularly impacting the most vulnerable populations. This study aimed to assess, through the One Health perspective, whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic may affect ecosystems and what the direct and indirect repercussions are for human health. To this end, a narrative review was conducted using scientific publications available on Google Scholar, focusing on basic sanitation, types of pollution, and COVID-19. Findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 and its viral particles have negatively influenced the biology of various organisms and may interact with the environment in poorly understood ways, including potential secondary transmission routes. Moreover, the virus appears to act synergistically with environmental pollution (air, water, and soil), enhancing both its transmission and its harmful effects. These observations highlight the urgent need for improvements at all levels of basic sanitation, proper waste management, enhanced treatment and disinfection systems, and the advancement of metagenomic research to support environmental monitoring and the prevention of future public health crises.
Downloads
Referências
ABDEL-MONEIM, A.S.; ABDELWHAB, E.M. Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection of animal hosts. Pathogens, v. 9, n. 7, p. 529, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070529
ACHARYA, S.S. Inequality and exclusion in access to healthcare: learning from the pandemic. In: Caste, COVID-19, and Inequalities of Care: Lessons from South Asia. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. p. 275-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6917-0_14
AHMED, A.S.S. et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some commercially important fishes from a tropical river estuary suggests higher potential health risk in children than adults. Plos one, v. 14, n. 10, p. e0219336, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219336
AHMED, A.S.S. et al. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in water from the subtropical river, Gomti, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, v. 15, p. 100416, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100416
AHMED, W. et al. Decay of SARS-CoV-2 and surrogate murine hepatitis virus RNA in untreated wastewater to inform application in wastewater-based epidemiology. Environmental research, v. 191, p. 110092, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110092
ALAVA, J.J. et al. Microplastics and macroplastic debris as potential physical vectors of SARS-CoV-2: A hypothetical overview with implications for public health. Microplastics, v. 1, n. 1, p. 156-166, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1010010
ALI, M.M. et al. Seasonal behavior and accumulation of some toxic metals in commercial fishes from Kirtankhola tidal river of Bangladesh–a health risk taxation. Chemosphere, v. 301, p. 134660, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134660
ALI, M.M. et al. Bioaccumulation and sources of metal (loid) s in fish species from a subtropical river in Bangladesh: a public health concern. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 31, n. 2, p. 2343-2359, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31324-8
ALMEIDA, V. M. et al. Gut microbiota from patients with COVID-19 cause alterations in mice that resemble post-COVID symptoms. Gut Microbes, v. 15, n. 2, p. 2249146, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2023.2249146
ALYGIZAKIS, N. et al. Change in the chemical content of untreated wastewater of Athens, Greece under COVID-19 pandemic. Science of the Total Environment, v. 799, p. 149230, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149230
ANGELIER, F. Consequences of developmental exposure to pollution: importance of stress-coping mechanisms. In: Development Strategies and Biodiversity: Darwinian Fitness and Evolution in the Anthropocene. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. p. 283-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90131-8_9
ARAÚJO, A.P.C.; MALAFAIA, G. Microplastic ingestion induces behavioral disorders in mice: A preliminary study on the trophic transfer effects via tadpoles and fish. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 401, p. 123263, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123263
ATOLANI, O. et al. Green synthesis and characterisation of natural antiseptic soaps from the oils of underutilised tropical seed. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, v. 4, p. 32-39, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163453
ATOLANI, O. et al. COVID-19: Critical discussion on the applications and implications of chemicals in sanitizers and disinfectants. EXCLI journal, v. 19, p. 785, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2020-1386
AUDINO, T. et al. SARS-CoV-2, a threat to marine mammals? A study from Italian seawaters. Animals, v. 11, n. 6, p. 1663, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061663
BARLOW, P. et al. COVID-19 and the collapse of global trade: building an effective public health response. The Lancet Planetary Health, v. 5, n. 2, p. e102-e107, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30291-6
BARROZO, L.V. et al. GeoSES: A socioeconomic index for health and social research in Brazil. PloS one, v. 15, n. 4, p. e0232074, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232074
BOYERO, L. et al. Microplastics impair amphibian survival, body condition and function. Chemosphere, v. 244, p. 125500, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125500
BRIGGS, D. Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease. British medical bulletin, v. 68, n. 1, p. 1-24, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg019
CATCOTT, E. J. Effects of air pollution on animals. Monograph Series. World Health Organization, v. 46, p. 221-231, 1961.
CHAKRABORTY, I.; MAITY, P. COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Science of the total environment, v. 728, p. 138882, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882
CHARLIE-SILVA, I. et al. Toxicological insights of Spike fragments SARS-CoV-2 by exposure environment: A threat to aquatic health?. Journal of hazardous materials, v. 419, p. 126463, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126463
CHIN, A.W.H. et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. The Lancet Microbe, v. 1, n. 1, p. e10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30003-3
CONTINI, D.; COSTABILE, F. Does air pollution influence COVID-19 outbreaks?. Atmosphere, v. 11, n. 4, p. 377, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040377
COPAT, C. et al. The role of air pollution (PM and NO2) in COVID-19 spread and lethality: a systematic review. Environmental research, v. 191, p. 110129, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110129
COSTIGAN, E. et al. Adsorption of organic pollutants by microplastics: Overview of a dissonant literature. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, v. 6, p. 100091, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100091
CUI, Y. et al. Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People's Republic of China: an ecologic study. Environmental health, v. 2, p. 1-5, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-2-15
DELAHAY, R.J. et al. Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. One health outlook, v. 3, p. 1-14, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-021-00039-6
DOMINGO, J.L.; MARQUÈS, M.; ROVIRA, J. Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic. A review. Environmental research, v. 188, p. 109861, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109861
DOMINGO, J.L.; ROVIRA, J. Effects of air pollutants on the transmission and severity of respiratory viral infections. Environmental research, v. 187, p. 109650, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109650
DOWD, J.B. et al. Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 117, n. 18, p. 9696-9698, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004911117
DUMAS, O. et al. Association of occupational exposure to disinfectants with incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among US female nurses. JAMA network open, v. 2, n. 10, p. e1913563-e1913563, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.13563
ESPOSITO, M.M. et al. The impact of human activities on zoonotic infection transmissions. Animals, v. 13, n. 10, p. 1646, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101646
FARIDI, S. et al. A field indoor air measurement of SARS-CoV-2 in the patient rooms of the largest hospital in Iran. Science of the Total Environment, v. 725, p. 138401, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138401
FERREIRA, R.O. et al. First report on the toxicity of SARS-CoV-2, alone and in combination with polyethylene microplastics in neotropical fish. STOTEN, v. 882, p. 163617, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163617
FONTES-DANTAS, F.L. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice. Cell reports, v. 42, n. 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112189
FRONTERA, A. et al. Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: The “double-hit” hypothesis. Journal of Infection, v. 81, n. 2, p. 255-259, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.031
GIACOBBO, A. et al. A critical review on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in water and wastewater. What do we know?. Science of the Total Environment, v. 774, p. 145721, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145721
GONZAGA, E.A.R. et al. Equidade, justiça social e cultura de paz em tempos de pandemia: um olhar sobre a vulnerabilidade municipal e a Covid-19. Hygeia, n. Especial, p. 111, 2020. https://doi.org/10.14393/Hygeia0054569
GRAHAM, K.E. et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater settled solids is associated with COVID-19 cases in a large urban sewershed. Environmental science & technology, v. 55, n. 1, p. 488-498, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06191
GUO, J. et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household disinfectant consumption behaviors and related environmental concerns: A questionnaire-based survey in China. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 9, n. 5, p. 106168, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106168
HALFMANN, P.J. et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 383, n. 6, p. 592-594, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2013400
HANLON, P.; SEWALT, V. GEMs: genetically engineered microorganisms and the regulatory oversight of their uses in modern food production. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, v. 61, n. 6, p. 959-970, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1749026
HARTONO, D. et al. Determinant factors of urban housing preferences among low-income people in Greater Jakarta. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, v. 15, n. 5, p. 1072-1087, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-05-2021-0056
HASSAN, M.S. et al. Relationship between COVID-19 infection rates and air pollution, geo-meteorological, and social parameters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 193, p. 1-20, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08810-4
HAWKINS, R.B.; CHARLES, E.J.; MEHAFFEY, J.H. Socio-economic status and COVID-19–related cases and fatalities. Public health, v. 189, p. 129-134, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.016
HUANG, C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet, v. 395, n. 10223, p. 497-506, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
HUANG, C.; SU, S.; CHEN, K. Surveillance strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infections through one health approach. Heliyon, v. 10, n. 17, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37128
IZAH, S. C. et al. Understanding the One Health Implications of Air Pollution. In: Air Pollutants in the Context of One Health: Fundamentals, Sources, and Impacts. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. p. 161-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2024_1129
JACKSON, J.K. et al. Global Economic Effects of COVID-19, Congressional Research Service Report. In: Library of Congress. 2021. Disponível em: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R46270.pdf>. Acesso em: 24 de junho de 2024.
JAVANBAKHT, P. et al. Investigating SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Environmental Surface, Water, Wastewater and Air: A Systematic Review. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, v. 9, n. 2, p. 69-86, 2024. https://doi.org/10.32598/hdq.9.2.551.1
JAYAWEERA, M. et al. Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved dichotomy. Environmental research, v. 188, p. 109819, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109819
KAMPF, G. et al. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of hospital infection, v. 104, n. 3, p. 246-251, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
KEMPURAJ, D. et al. COVID-19, mast cells, cytokine storm, psychological stress, and neuroinflammation. The Neuroscientist, v. 26, n. 5-6, p. 402-414, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858420941476
KHAN, M. et al. Digital future beyond pandemic outbreak: systematic review of the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on digital psychology. foresight, v. 26, n. 1, p. 1-17, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-02-2021-0044
KHOO, K.S. et al. Plastic waste associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: Crisis or opportunity?. Journal of hazardous materials, v. 417, p. 126108, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126108
KRAUS, A. et al. Intranasal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is sufficient to cause olfactory damage, inflammation and olfactory dysfunction in zebrafish. Brain, behavior, and immunity, v. 102, p. 341-359, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.006
KUMAR, M. et al. First proof of the capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 in India through detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Science of The Total Environment, v. 746, p. 141326, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166419
KUMAR, M. et al. Prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, microplastics and co-infecting microbes in the post-COVID-19 era and its implications on antimicrobial resistance and potential endocrine disruptive effects. Science of the Total Environment, v. 904, p. 166419, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166419
LAI, J. et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, v. 3, n. 3, p. e203976-e203976, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
LEBARBENCHON, C. et al. Evolution of pathogens in a man‐made world. Molecular Ecology, v. 17, n. 1, p. 475-484, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03375.x
LECHNER-SCOTT, J. et al. Long COVID or post COVID-19 syndrome. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, v. 55, p. 103268, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103268
LELIEVELD, J. et al. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature, v. 525, n. 7569, p. 367-371, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371
LIU, W.; LIU, Z.; LI, Y. COVID-19-related myocarditis and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology, v. 62, n. 4, p. 265-269, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2020.12.004
LU, R. et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The lancet, v. 395, n. 10224, p. 565-574, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
LUZ, T.M. et al. Shedding light on the toxicity of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptide in non-target COVID-19 organisms: a study involving inbred and outbred mice. Neurotoxicology, v. 90, p. 184-196, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.012
MACKENZIE, J.S.; JEGGO, M. The one health approach—why is it so important?. Tropical medicine and infectious disease, v. 4, n. 2, p. 88, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020088
MADAAN, S. et al. Post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities and infertility: Repercussions of the pandemic. Journal of education and health promotion, v. 11, n. 1, p. 170, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1200_21
MAHLKNECHT, J. Presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic environments: A mini-review. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, v. 29, p. 100385, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100385
MAHLKNECHT, J. et al. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in different freshwater environments in urban settings determined by RT-qPCR: implications for water safety. Science of the Total Environment, v. 784, p. 147183, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147183
MALAFAIA, G. et al. Toxicological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of the neotropical fish, Poecilia reticulata. Aquatic Toxicology, v. 245, p. 106104, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106104
MANZINI, S. et al. SARS-CoV-2: sua relação com os animais e potencial doença zoonótica. Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 28, p. 1-13, 2021. https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2021.v28.602
MARMOT, M. et al. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. The lancet, v. 372, n. 9650, p. 1661-1669, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6
MARMOT, M.; WILKINSON, R.G. Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al. Bmj, v. 322, n. 7296, p. 1233-1236, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7296.1233
MCDONNELL, M.J.; HAHS, A.K. Adaptation and adaptedness of organisms to urban environments. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics, v. 46, n. 1, p. 261-280, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054258
MENDONÇA-GOMES, J. M. et al. Shedding light on toxicity of SARS-CoV-2 peptides in aquatic biota: a study involving neotropical mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Environmental Pollution, v. 289, p. 117818, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117818
MEO, S.A. et al. Effect of environmental pollutants PM-2.5, carbon monoxide, and ozone on the incidence and mortality of SARS-COV-2 infection in ten wildfire affected counties in California. Science of the Total Environment, v. 757, p. 143948, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143948
MEYEROWITZ, E.A. et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of viral, host, and environmental factors. Annals of internal medicine, v. 174, n. 1, p. 69-79, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-5008
MORALES-PAREDES, C.A.; RODRÍGUEZ-DÍAZ, J.M.; BOLUDA-BOTELLA, N. Pharmaceutical compounds used in the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of their presence in water and treatment techniques for their elimination. Science of the Total Environment, v. 814, p. 152691, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152691
MUDD, J.B. (Ed.). Responses of plants to air pollution. Elsevier, 2012.
MULLICK, J.B.; SIMMONS, C.S.; GAIRE, J. Animal models to study emerging technologies against SARS-coV-2. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, v. 13, n. 4, p. 293-303, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12195-020-00638-9
MURRAY, C.J.L; PIOT, P. The potential future of the COVID-19 pandemic: will SARS-CoV-2 become a recurrent seasonal infection?. Jama, v. 325, n. 13, p. 1249-1250, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.2828
NABI, G. et al. Massive use of disinfectants against COVID-19 poses potential risks to urban wildlife. Environmental research, v. 188, p. 109916, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109916
NASEER, S. et al. COVID-19 outbreak: Impact on global economy. Frontiers in public health, v. 10, p. 1009393, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009393
NEWMAN, J.R.; SCHREIBER, R.K.; NOVAKOVA, E. Air pollution effects on terrestrial and aquatic animals. In: BARKER, J. R.; TINGEY, D. T. Air pollution effects on biodiversity. New York: Springer New York, 1992. p. 177-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3538-6_10
NUNES, B. B. S. et al. Beyond the virus: ecotoxicological and reproductive impacts of SARS-CoV-2 lysate protein in C57Bl/6j female mice. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 32, 1805–1829, 2025a. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35840-z
NUNES, B. B. S. et al. Neurobehavioral and neurochemical alterations in female mice following pregestational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 lysate protein. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, v. 109, 107451, 2025b. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2025.107451
OBERBECKMANN, S.; LÖDER, M.G.J.; LABRENZ, M. Marine microplastic-associated biofilms–a review. Environmental chemistry, v. 12, n. 5, p. 551-562, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15069
OLIVEIRA, M. et al. Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles (0+ group) of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Ecological indicators, v. 34, p. 641-647, 2013.
OLIVEIRA, L.C. et al. Viability of SARS-CoV-2 in river water and wastewater at different temperatures and solids content. Water research, v. 195, p. 117002, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.019
O'NEILL, M.S. et al. Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and methods. Environmental health perspectives, v. 111, n. 16, p. 1861-1870, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6334
ORONSKY, B. et al. A review of persistent post-COVID syndrome (PPCS). Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, v. 64, n. 1, p. 66-74, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3
PARVEEN, N.; CHOWDHURY, S.; GOEL, S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 29, n. 57, p. 85742-85760, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18316-2
PASHAEI, R. et al. Pharmaceutical and microplastic pollution before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in surface water, wastewater, and groundwater. Water, v. 14, n. 19, p. 3082, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193082
PENG, Y. et al. Plastic waste release caused by COVID-19 and its fate in the global ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 118, n. 47, p. e2111530118, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193082
PHAN, L.T. et al. Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. New England Journal of Medicine, v. 382, n. 9, p. 872-874, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001272
PICÓ, Y.; BARCELÓ, D. Microplastics and other emerging contaminants in the environment after COVID-19 pandemic: The need of global reconnaissance studies. Current opinion in environmental science & health, v. 33, p. 100468, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100468
PITOL, A.K. et al. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 89, n. 11, p. e01219-23, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01219-23
POURAKBAR, M. et al. Comprehensive investigation of SARS-CoV-2 fate in wastewater and finding the virus transfer and destruction route through conventional activated sludge and sequencing batch reactor. Science of The Total Environment, v. 806, p. 151391, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151391
POWER, A.L. et al. Monitoring impacts of urbanisation and industrialisation on air quality in the Anthropocene using urban pond sediments. Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 6, p. 131, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00131
QUINETE, N.; HAUSER-DAVIS, R.A. Drinking water pollutants may affect the immune system: concerns regarding COVID-19 health effects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 28, p. 1235-1246, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11487-4
RAFAEL, R.M.R. et al. Epidemiology, public policies and Covid-19 pandemics in Brazil: what can we expect. Rev enferm UERJ, v. 28, n. e49570, p. 1-6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2020.49570
RICHARD, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via contact and via the air between ferrets. Nature communications, v. 11, n. 1, p. 3496, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17367-2
RIOU, J.; ALTHAUS, C.L. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Eurosurveillance, v. 25, n. 4, p. 2000058, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058
RODRIGUEZ, D.J. et al. From Waste to Resource: Shifting paradigms for smarter wastewater interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2020.
SANGKHAM, S. Face mask and medical waste disposal during the novel COVID-19 pandemic in Asia. Case studies in chemical and environmental engineering, v. 2, p. 100052, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100052
SAUNDERS, J.; SMITH, T.; STROUD, M. Malnutrition and undernutrition. Medicine, v. 39, n. 1, p. 45-50, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2010.10.007
SELLARS, L.; BERNOTAS, K.; SEBO, J. One Health, COVID-19, and a right to health for human and nonhuman animals. Health and Human Rights, v. 23, n. 2, p. 35, 2021.
SETTI, L. et al. Airborne transmission route of COVID-19: why 2 meters/6 feet of inter-personal distance could not be enough. International journal of environmental research and public health, v. 17, n. 8, p. 2932, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082932
SHARMA, H.B. et al. Challenges, opportunities, and innovations for effective solid waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Resources, conservation and recycling, v. 162, p. 105052, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105052
SHI, J. et al. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2. Science, v. 368, n. 6494, p. 1016-1020, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143056
SHI, K. et al. Quantifying the risk of indoor drainage system in multi-unit apartment building as a transmission route of SARS-CoV-2. Science of the Total Environment, v. 762, p. 143056, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143056
SHOVON, S. M. et al. Strategies of managing solid waste and energy recovery for a developing country–A review. Heliyon, v. 10, n. 2, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24736
SILVA, A.L.P. et al. An urgent call to think globally and act locally on landfill disposable plastics under and after covid-19 pandemic: Pollution prevention and technological (Bio) remediation solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 426, p. 131201, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131201
SILVA, A.L.P. et al. Rethinking and optimising plastic waste management under COVID-19 pandemic: policy solutions based on redesign and reduction of single-use plastics and personal protective equipment. Science of the Total Environment, v. 742, p. 140565, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140565
SKALNY, A.V. et al. Toxic metal exposure as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases. Food and Chemical Toxicology, v. 146, p. 111809, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111809
SPOEDE, E. et al. Food insecurity and pediatric malnutrition related to under-and overweight in the United States: an evidence analysis center systematic review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, v. 121, n. 5, p. 952-978. e4, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.03.009
SUMNER, A.; ORTIZ-JUAREZ, E.; HOY, C. Precarity and the pandemic: COVID-19 and poverty incidence, intensity, and severity in developing countries. WIDER Working Paper, 2020. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/834-4
SUSSARELLU, R. et al. Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, v. 113, n. 9, p. 2430-2435, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519019113
SZUKIEWICZ, D. et al. Mast cell activation syndrome in COVID‐19 and female reproductive function: theoretical background vs. accumulating clinical evidence. Journal of Immunology Research, v. 2022, n. 1, p. 9534163, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9534163
TAGORTI, G.; KAYA, B. Genotoxic effect of microplastics and COVID-19: The hidden threat. Chemosphere, v. 286, p. 131898, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131898
TAN, C.C.S. et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals and potential host adaptation. Nature Communications, v. 13, n. 1, p. 2988, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30698-6
TANDUKAR, S. et al. Long-term longitudinal monitoring of SARS CoV-2 in urban rivers and sewers of Nepal. Science of The Total Environment, v. 951, p. 175138, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175138
TIWARI, R. et al. COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. Veterinary Quarterly, v. 40, n. 1, p. 169-182, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725
TUOMAINEN, U.; CANDOLIN, U. Behavioural responses to human‐induced environmental change. Biological Reviews, v. 86, n. 3, p. 640-657, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00164.x
TUOMISTO, J.T. et al. Uncertainty in mortality response to airborne fine particulate matter: Combining European air pollution experts. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, v. 93, n. 5, p. 732-744, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2007.03.002
TYRKALSKA, S.D. et al. The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 signals via Tlr2 in zebrafish. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, v. 140, p. 104626, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2022.104626
VAN DOREMALEN, N. et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New England journal of medicine, v. 382, n. 16, p. 1564-1567, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973
VAN DORN, A.; COONEY, R.E.; SABIN, M.L. COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US. Lancet (London, England), v. 395, n. 10232, p. 1243, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30893-X
XIAO, F. et al. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology, v. 158, n. 6, p. 1831-1833. e3, 2020a. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055
XIAO, F. et al. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces of patient with severe COVID-19. Emerging infectious diseases, v. 26, n. 8, p. 1920, 2020b. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.200681
XIAO, K. et al. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins. Nature, v. 583, n. 7815, p. 286-289, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x
XU, J. et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on inanimate surfaces: A review. Microbiological research, v. 272, p. 127388, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2023.127388
WANG, F. et al. Emerging contaminants: a One Health perspective. The Innovation, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100612
WANI, A.K. et al. Metagenomics in the fight against zoonotic viral infections: A focus on SARS-CoV-2 analogues. Journal of Virological Methods, v. 323, p. 114837, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114837
WHITE, A.G.; GUIKEMA, S.D.; LOGAN, T.M. Urban population characteristics and their correlation with historic discriminatory housing practices. Applied Geography, v. 132, p. 102445, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102445
WHO - World Health Organization. New report calls for urgent action to avert antimicrobial resistance crisis. World Health Organization, 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-04-2019-new-report-calls-for-urgent-action-to-avert-antimicrobial-resistance-crisis>. Acesso em: 15 de jul. de 2024.
WHO - World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, 28 January 2020. World Health Organization, 2020. Disponível em: <https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/330893>. Acesso em: 01 de jun. de 2024.
WOODBY, B.; ARNOLD, M.M.; VALACCHI, G. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, v. 1486, n. 1, p. 15-38, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14512
WRIGHT, S.L.; KELLY, F.J. Plastic and human health: a micro issue?. Environmental science & technology, v. 51, n. 12, p. 6634-6647, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00423
WSS - Water Science School. Water Science School HOME, 2019. How Much Water is There on Earth? Disponível em: <https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth#:~:text=About%2071%20percent%20of%20the,percent%20of%20all%20Earth's%20water>. Acesso em: 07 de set. de 2023.
WU, F. et al. SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases. Msystems, v. 5, n. 4, e00614-20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00614-20
WU, F. et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater foreshadow dynamics and clinical presentation of new COVID-19 cases. Science of The Total Environment, v. 805, p. 150121, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150121
WU, J.T.; LEUNG, K.; LEUNG, G.M. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The lancet, v. 395, n. 10225, p. 689-697, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9
WU, Z.; MCGOOGAN, J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. jama, v. 323, n. 13, p. 1239-1242, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
YANG, J. et al. A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity. Nature, v. 586, n. 7830, p. 572-577, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2599-8
YANG, S. et al. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater after the end of the COVID-19 epidemics. Journal of hazardous materials, v. 429, p. 128358, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128358
ZAND, A.D.; HEIR, A.V. Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Resources, conservation, and recycling, v. 162, p. 105051, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105051
ZAPPULLI, V. et al. Pathology of coronavirus infections: A review of lesions in animals in the one-health perspective. Animals, v. 10, n. 12, p. 2377, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122377
ZHANG, B. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human neural progenitor cells and brain organoids. Cell research, v. 30, n. 10, p. 928-931, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0390-x
ZHAO, M.; LIU, Y.; GYILBAG, A. Assessment of meteorological variables and air pollution affecting COVID-19 Cases in urban agglomerations: evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 19, n. 1, p. 531, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010531
